El Niño is a climate phenomenon characterized by the periodic warming of sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. This event typically occurs every two to seven years and can have significant impacts on weather patterns around the world. El Niño can lead to changes in global temperature, precipitation patterns, and ocean conditions, affecting agriculture, fisheries, and water resources in many regions. It is often associated with extreme weather events such as droughts, floods, and hurricanes. Research on El Niño seeks to understand its causes, predictability, and potential impacts in order to improve forecasting and mitigate its effects on society and the environment. Scientists study ocean-atmosphere interactions, computer modeling, historical climate data, and satellite observations to better understand and predict El Niño events.